Business Plans and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketable strategies and Analysis - Essay Example Thusly, the operability, beginning venture figures, promoting degree, time to usage, presence of outer speculation, impacts that innovative change will have on the plans, just as an examination of likely shopper reaction will all be weighed as an element of the probability that each arrangement has towards execution and generally speaking achievement. In like manner, it is worth notice that neither one of these marketable strategies are proposed to be viewed for instance of either a decent or an awful field-tested strategy; rather, they are to be seen as vehicles towards getting positive and negative segments of each. Strategy 1: http://www.businessplans.org/Momentex/Moment00.html The primary field-tested strategy that this investigation will gauge identifies with Momentex LLC and their proposed line of Gulp N Go items. Momentex might want to focus on the undiscovered market of distributing administrations that are situated inside fee collection counters all through the United States . The arrangement shows various qualities. Right off the bat, paying little mind to what one thinks about the strategy, it is certain that the closeness of the item to the client is impeccably situated. The subsequent quality ties in close by this vicinity and bring out the quality of proposal while the client is as of now during the time spent creation a money related exchange †all of which further support him/her to make a spur of the moment purchase while at the fee collection counter. In conclusion, for this vicinity and these forces of proposal during a budgetary exchange, the firm has not very many expenses related with showcasing as the item is situated all day, every day and for all intents and purposes free stamping happens at the retail location consistently. As for the shortcomings showed in this arrangement, the first of these respects the legitimate effects of commercialization of the fee collection counters and what this may forecast as for state, neighborhood, cr oss-jurisdictional, and charge laws. As a result, an open decent (streets) will presently be transformed into a method of further creating financing for private organizations. This reality all by itself has a large group of both lawful and moral difficulties related with it. Furthermore, and maybe in particular, there is the issue of traffic stream. Fee collection counter territories are as of now high traffic regions that normally just exist in significant metropolitan urban communities. Thusly, having a huge number of individuals every single day stopping with regards to what specific bite or drink they might want to pick while others hold up in the line behind them is a formula for exacerbating effectively tense traffic issues. In conclusion, the issue of installment should be worked through. With a non-uniform arrangement of installment previously existing all things considered fee collection counters, how the client will pay for the products turns into an essential inquiry (Law ther, 2000). In the event that with money incomes will be recognizably lower as less and less individuals convey money. On the off chance that with the Visa will a similar charge card be utilized to pay the cost? On the off chance that with a compensation go for high-recurrence voyagers will the refreshments and food by charged from similar subsidizes that the client has stacked on the card or will they should be paid independently? This specific marketable strategy could be improved by estimating the roundabout impact that the offer of these merchandise will have on traffic examples and hang tight occasions for different clients. In the event that an intensive investigation is performed and it is found to antagonistically influence the drive in a quantifiable manner †it is genuinely evident that the field-tested strategy ought to be surrendered as the negative press and irritation it will cause will without a doubt render the arrangement worthless.

Famous Quotes from Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman

Axioms from Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Willy Loman, the main character in Death of a Salesman, consumed his entire time on earth seeking after what he thought was the American Dream. The play manages subjects of the real world and deception as a family battles to characterize their fantasies. It is one of Arthur Millers most renowned plays and broughtâ him worldwide recognition. In 1949, Miller won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for this dubious play.  Statements From Death of a Salesman Im the New England man. Im indispensable in New England. (Act 1)Hes loved, however hes not popular. (Act 1)The man who shows up in the business world, the man who makes individual intrigue, is the man who excels. Be preferred and you will never need. (Act 1)The man comprehended what he needed and went out and got it! Strolled into a wilderness and comes out, the age of 21, and hes rich! (Act 1)I dont state hes an extraordinary man. Willie Loman never raked in some serious cash. His name was never in the paper. Hes not the best character that at any point lived. However, hes an individual, and an awful thing is transpiring. So consideration must be paid. Hes not to be permitted to fall in his grave like an old canine. Consideration, consideration should at last be paid to such an individual. (Act 1)A little man can be similarly as depleted as an extraordinary man. (Act 1)Before its everything over were going to get a little spot out in the nation, and Ill raise a few vegetables, a few chickens... (Act 2)You cant eat the orange and discard the strip - a man isn't a bit of organic product. Act 2 After all the thruways, and the trains, and the arrangements, and the years, you end up worth more dead than alive. (Act 2)I acknowledged what a ludicrous falsehood my entire life has been. Act 2Ive got the chance to get a few seeds. Ive got the opportunity to get a few seeds, immediately. Nothings planted. I dont have a thing in the ground. (Act 2)Biff: Pop! Im very common, as are you!Willy: I am not extremely common! I am Willy Loman, and you are Biff Loman! Act 2Im going to show you and every other person that Willy Loman didn't bite the dust futile. He had a decent dream. Its the main dream you can have - to come out No. 1 man. He battled it around here, and this is the place Im going to win it for him. (Act 2)

places at mit

places at mit MITs campus can be pretty daunting for someone first visiting. All the buildings are numbered, and at first glance, the ordering of the numbers seems unintuitive. Buildings 3 and 4 should be next to each other, right? Nope, theyre not. If you took a student-guided tour here, a common building route sequence would be 7, 5, 1, 3, 4, 2, 14. If youre not an MIT student, you might be very confused at this point. But if youve spent enough time here, youd know exactly what that route looks like. In addition, youd know that the tour probably crossed Killian Court between 3 and 4. This is one of the small things I love about MIT: its building conventions, along with the other numbered conventions like class/course numbers, are confusing at first, but makes talking with other MIT students and the MIT experience unique. Ive finally decided to get out my DSLR that has been sitting largely in its tote bag on my shelf because I wanted to share my favorite places at MIT with you. Whether it be fairly common study spaces and lush greens, or less-worn nooks and places you might not usually travel on a daily basis, I want to cover as much as I can. I want to do this for two reasons: One, I want to show you that, despite our building numbers seemingly not making sense or our campus aesthetics being pretty quirky, MIT can be beautiful. :) Two I told someone the other day that Im still discovering new things about MIT, even coming up on one year being here, and I appreicate and like that. MIT has become just a place to me over the past semester/several months: even though it is a great place to be, its lost its magic and wonder that Id once held when I first came here. I read my very first blog post  on MITAdmissions earlier today, and smiled when I read this paragraph: Building numbers weave in and out like needle and thread (7, 3, 10, 4, 8, 16, 26), and staircases everywhere make me feel like a first year at Hogwarts. Everything seems and sounds so shiny and new, to the point where I couldnt possibly see the magic of this place going away for me. This is the place Ive dreamed of for most of my life, and deep inside I find a rare form of happiness that Ive been waiting to feel for a very long time. MIT is no longer shiny nor magical nor new, but sometimes I take a walk either with my friends or on my own and stumble across new places. I like this feeling of still being able to find new places and be pleasantly surprised. So without further ado Id like to show you around! :) where im living this summer: sigep, 518 beacon st. i live on the second floor beacon street (lydia k.s beacon hill  blog post is one of my favorites) the harvard bridge: it has an unusual unit of measurement called the smoot kresge auditoriums roof is its own support some pictures of kresge oval a road leading to maseeh hall student center ive spent a lot of my time this summer in the 5th floor reading room of the student center an LSC board filled with flyers of past showings simmons hall i dont know what to call this place between the oval and baker house, but its wonderful a DUSP lounge on the second floor (building 9) building 36, 8th floor café stata from the outside stata from the inside statas fourth floor commons, outside statas fourth floor commons, inside building 46, the cognitive science building, is wonderful building 46 has a gorgeous reading pavillion with a view of stata and interior palm trees :) bonus picture of the blogger group chat: Post Tagged #LSC #photography #summer

Multiculturalism And Diversity Of Multiculturalism

Introduction We live in a multiculturalism society that includes people from over the world with different traditions, ideas, and religions. The main purpose of multiculturalism is to understand the differences between other ethnicity groups. What I mean with this is that multiculturalism education needs to be teach in our school so students can understand diversity of a society. Dr. James A. Banks who is the founder of Multiculturalism Education Issues and Perspectives states that multiculturalism is trying to change the schools and other educational institutions so the students from all social-class, gender, racial, language, and cultural groups will have and equal opportunity to learn (Banks A. Banks McGee.,1993). We could say that we live in a system that battles to defend and to respect different cultures which should promote a close working atmosphere and relationship among students and schools so we can have a good environment. A key component in the U.S. core culture is the idea, express ed in the Declaration of the independence, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Banks A. Banks McGee., 1993). Defining Multiculturalism Multiculturalism is clearly illustrated as a positive appreciation of human diversity in any form of education and teaching. It emphasizes in ideologies such as idea, concept, learning movement and process. The goalShow MoreRelatedThe Issues Of Multiculturalism And Diversity938 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve this article is prominent when addressing the issues of multiculturalism and diversity in that it explores thoughts and experiences of white female teachers educating students of color. The article takes real-world diversity issues within school settings and offers self-reflection on the parts of educators and the readers themselves. The teachers in the article are White females educating African American children. This is diversity in itself. The researcher allows the teachers to openly expressRead MoreMulticulturalism And Diversity As An Agent Of Change1375 Words   |  6 Pages Multiculturalism and Diversity Abstract Cultural diversity is the ?homogenization of cultures? while multiculturalism leadership starts within and ? describes the existence, acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single jurisdiction (wikipedia). Organization success depends on ability to embrace diversity and realize the benefits which will increase significantly in the coming years. Introduction According to EncyclopediaRead MoreMy Experience With Diversity And Multiculturalism1847 Words   |  8 PagesDescribe how your personal experiences with diversity and multiculturalism, which may include paid or volunteer work, have contributed to your interest and readiness for social work practice. My experiences with diversity and multiculturalism first started when I saw my grandfather having to translate for my great-grandmother. She only spoke Italian so whenever she tried to speak with me I had to ask my grandfather to translate. After my great-grandfather passed away my great-grandmother livedRead MoreThe Value of Multiculturalism and Diversity in Business Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesThe Value of Diversity and Multiculturalism in Business Diversity and Multiculturalism are two topics that, themselves, are not new. To start off with a uniform basic understanding, what are diversity and multiculturalism? According to Merrium-Webster, Diversity is ‘the condition of having or being composed of differing elements, especially the inclusion of different types of people (as people of different races or cultures) in a group or organization’. Whereas, Merrium-Webster defined multiculturalismRead MoreThe Concept Of Multiculturalism And Diversity As An Agent Of Change1287 Words   |  6 PagesName(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees] [Institutional Affiliation(s)] Author Note [Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.] Introduction This paper lays the foundation for the concept of multiculturalism and diversity as an agent of change. To begin, this paper provides an overview of community building practices as stated by Kouzes Posner (2012). It identifies three different culture outside my country. Along the way, the paper uses contingency theoryRead MoreWhat Diversity and Multiculturalism Mean to Me Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Diversity and Multiculturalism Mean to Me By David Meads What does Diversity and Multiculturalism mean to me? I believe that diversity has become so much more than just the basic qualities of race or gender. It now includes all qualities that make everyone unique, as individuals or as part of a larger group. It is also the acceptance, respect, and understanding of these unique qualities that makes diversity work in a given society. Multiculturalism is the system that is centered aroundRead MoreEssay on Strength Through Diversity and Multiculturalism487 Words   |  2 Pagesstraining under the weight of our population, promulgating laws that prevent birth control, simply so as to maintain the rigidity of a two thousand year old moral code. nbsp; The greatest teacher of them all, mother nature, has shown us that diversity rather than uniformity, is the best insurance against change. nbsp; If a biosphere or even a single species has enough variety amongst its members, then when their environment changes, there will be a much better chance of survivors. ThisRead MoreAn Anti Racist, Feminist, Social Justice And Diversity Of Multiculturalism2316 Words   |  10 Pagesdevelopment agencies are to raise awareness about racial oppressions, social justice and its relevance to society, and to encourage multiculturalism and to spread anti-racism around the world. As the time change, so does these movements and in the twenty-first century so do their methods to spread awareness on racial oppression, social justice and diversity of multiculturalism. Social movements bring awareness to racial oppression by either protesting or by creating videos of interviews or creating scenesRead MoreAnalysis Of Enzo Colombo s Article Reflections On Race, Diversity, And The Crossroads Of Multiculturalism 865 Words   |  4 Pagesethnic diversity than white Europeans are seen as the minority. This is a fact that is backed by many references across the world and even in articles we read today. In Enzo Colombo’s article â€Å"Multiculturalisms: An overview in western societies† he believes that minorities should be given the same opportunities as everyone else, he starts with the political figures then applies his theory to the society as a whole. However, in Douglas Hartmann’s article â€Å"Reflections on Race, Diversity, And theRead MoreCultural Diversity, Multiculturalism, and Inclusion In writing this essay I will provide my reader600 Words   |  3 Pages Cultural Diversity, Multiculturalism, and Inclusion In writing this essay I will provide my reader with various scenarios to give a good understanding of Cultural Diversity, Multiculturalism, and Inclusion as well as definitions and their effectiveness in the classroom. First, Cultural Diversity is ethnic, gender, racial, and socioeconomic variety in a situation, institution, or group; the coexistence of different ethnic, gender, racial, and socioeconomic groups within one social unit as in the

Presidential Doctrines Essay - 1051 Words

Running head: PRESIDENTIAL DOCTRINES Presidential Doctrines: President Kennedy and the Communist Expansion Abstract The Kennedy Doctrine was essentially an expansion of the foreign policy of the previous administrations of Dwight D. Eisenhower and Harry S. Truman, The Eisenhower doctrine focused providing both military and economic assistance to nations resisting communism and increasing trade from the U.S. to Latin America and the Truman doctrine focused on containment of communism by providing assistance to countries resisting communism in Europe The Kennedy Doctrine was based on these same objectives but was more concerned with the spread of communism and Soviet influence in Latin America that brought Fidel Castro to power†¦show more content†¦One of his best successes in helping to defeat communism is his creation of the Peace Corp. Major Events during the Kennedy Presidency The most notable events during Kennedy’s presidency stemmed from his foreign policy initiatives in regard to Latin America and the spread of communism were: The Bay of Pigs Invasion on April 17, 1961;Kennedy had approved the invasion that was initiated by his predecessor Dwight D. Eisenhower the purpose was to break off diplomatic relations with Cuba as a result from the increasing conflict between the U.S and the leftist regime of Fidel Castro, the invasion was ultimately ended by Castro’s military, the failure of The United States caused great humiliation to the U.S and the Kennedy Administration. During this the Cuban missile Crisis was actually beginning, towards the end July of 1962 Castro announce that any attack by the U.S. on Cuba would result in a World War and that he had the backing of the Soviets, in October of that same year it was confirmed that there was evidence of soviet missiles in Cuba. Later that month Kennedy had decided to enact a quarantine of C uba, U.S military forces go to DEFCON 2 the highest ever in U.S history. Soviet leader Khrushchev proposed a trade with Kennedy in exchange for removing the soviet missiles in Cuba the US would remove missiles from Turkey however the removal of missiles from Turkey would be done secretly between Kennedy and Khrushchev this part was not part of theShow MoreRelatedIn the 1969 case of Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, Red Lion Broadcasting challenged the fairness900 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 1969 case of Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, Red Lion Broadcasting challenged the fairness doctrine that the Federal Communication Commission imposed on them in relation to a specific broadcast. Red Lion Broadcasting Co. aired that program on November 27, 1964, which included a personal attack on one author Fred J. Cook. Red Lion Broadcasting Co. refused to give Fred J. Cook his requested free time on air for rebuttal. 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Gump and Co. Chapter 7 Free Essays

Chapter 7 Well, it wadn’t long before the shit hit the fan. It seems that the bidness we had been doin with the Ayatolja was not exactly viewed in a good light by the folks on Capitol Hill, who thought that tradin arms for hostages was not such a hot idea, especially when the money we got was turned over to help the gorillas in Nicaragua. An what them congressmen had in mind was that the President, hissef, was behind the scheme, an they was out to prove it. We will write a custom essay sample on Gump and Co. Chapter 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Colonel North done so good testifyin before the Congress the first time that they invited him back again, an this time they had a bunch of slick Philadelphia lawyers tryin to trip him up. But the colonel, now, he is pretty slick hissef, an when he is usin his tact an diplomacy, he is pretty hard to trip up. â€Å"Colonel,† asts one of the lawyers, â€Å"what would you do if the President of the United States told you to commit a crime?† â€Å"Well, sir,† says the colonel, â€Å"I am a marine. And marines obey the orders of their commanders-in-chief. So even if the President told me to commit a crime, what I would do is, I would salute smartly an charge up the hill.† â€Å"Hill? What hill? Capitol Hill?† â€Å"No, you jackass – any hill! It’s a figure of speech. We are the marines! We charge up hills for a living.† â€Å"Oh, yeah, then how come they call you ‘jarheads’?† â€Å"I kill you, you sombitch – I rip your head off, an spit down your neck!† â€Å"Please, Colonel, don’t let us be vulgar. Violence will get you nowhere. Now, Colonel, what you are tellin me is that this was not the President’s idea?† â€Å"That’s what I am tellin you, you asshole.† â€Å"So whose idea was it then? Was it yours?† â€Å"Of course not, you jerk.† (The colonel’s tact an diplomacy is now gettin into full swing.) â€Å"Then whose was it?† â€Å"Well, it was a lot of people’s. It just sort of evolved.† â€Å"Evolved? But there must of been a ‘Prime Mover,’ Colonel. Things of this magnitude just do not simply ‘evolve.’ â€Å" â€Å"Well, sir, in fact there probably was a person who thought it through the most thoroughly.† â€Å"So this person, he would be the ‘Prime Mover’ of all these illegal schemes, is that correct?† â€Å"I suppose you could say that.† â€Å"And this person, was it Admiral Poindexter, the security adviser to the President of the United States?† â€Å"That pipe-smokin butthole? Of course not. He ain’t got the sense to pour piss out of a boot, let alone be a Prime Mover.† â€Å"Then, can you tell us, sir, who was it?† â€Å"Why, yessir, I can. It was Private Forrest Gump.† â€Å"Who?† â€Å"Gump, sir, PFC Forrest Gump, who has been a special assistant to the President for covert activities. It was all his idea.† At this, all the lawyers an senators got into a huddle an begun to whisper an wave they hands an nod they heads. So that’s how I got dragged into the mess. Next thing I knowed, two goons in trenchcoats come up to my crate in Lafayette Park in the middle of the night an start bangin on the top. When I crawled out to see what was goin on, one of em shoved a paper in my hand, say I got to appear in the mornin before the Special Senate Committee to Investigate the Iran-Contra Scandal. â€Å"An, I suggest you get that uniform pressed before you get there,† one of the goons says, â€Å"because your big ass is in a heap of trouble.† Well, I didn’t know what to do next. It was too late to wake up Colonel North, who I figgered would have it all thought out with his tact an diplomacy, so I wandered aroun the city for a while an finally wound up at the Lincoln Memorial. The lights was shinin down on the big ole feller, all done up in his marble statue an lookin kinda sad, an a mist was blowin in off the Potomac River, an it had begun to drizzle a little rain. I was feelin pretty sorry for mysef, when lo an behole, out of the mist I seen Jenny sort of walkin toward me! Right off the bat, she says, â€Å"Well, looks like you have done it again, Forrest.† â€Å"I reckon,† I says. â€Å"Didn’t you get in enough trouble the last time you went into the army?† â€Å"Yup.† â€Å"So what is it? You think you had to do this for little Forrest?† â€Å"Yup.† She brushed her hair back an tossed her head, just like she used to do, an I just stood there, twistin my hands. â€Å"Feelin kinda sorry for yourself, huh?† â€Å"Uh huh.† â€Å"Don’t want to go up there to the Congress and tell the truth, do you?† â€Å"Nope.† â€Å"Well, you better, cause this is a serious bidness, sellin arms for hostages – At least those bozos think so.† â€Å"So I’m tole.† â€Å"So what you gonna do?† â€Å"I dunno.† â€Å"My advice is, I’d come clean with the whole thing. And don’t be coverin up for anybody. Okay?† â€Å"Yeah, I guess,† I said, an then another big ole cloud of white mist come waftin in from the river, an Jenny, she just sort of vanished into it, an for a moment I wanted so bad to go runnin after her, maybe to catch her somehow, an bring her back – but even I am not so stupid as that. So I just turned aroun an started back for my crate. Anyhow, I am left on my own again. An as it turned out, it was the last time I did not take Jenny’s advice about tellin the truth. â€Å"Now, tell us, Private Gump, just when was it you first got the idea to swap arms for hostages?† I be settin at a big ole table facin all the senators an lawyers an other muckity-mucks in the congressional hearin room, an the TV cameras be rollin an lights shinin in my face. A little young-lookin, blond-haired lawyer guy be astin the questions. â€Å"Who says I did?† I ast. â€Å"I am asking the questions here, Private Gump. You just answer em.† â€Å"Well, I don’t know how I can answer that,† I says. â€Å"I mean, you don’t even ast me whether I did – You just ast me when†¦ ?† â€Å"That’s right, Private Gump, when was it, then?† I looked over at Colonel North, uniform all full of medals, an he be glarin at me an slowly noddin his head, like I am sposed to answer somethin. â€Å"Well, it was when I first met the President, I reckon.† â€Å"Yes, and did you not tell the President that you had conceived a scheme to swap arms for hostages?† â€Å"No, sir.† â€Å"What did you tell the President then?† â€Å"I tole him the last time I met a president, he wanted to watch To Tell the Truth, on the TV.† â€Å"Issat so! An what did the President say?† â€Å"He says he would rather watch Let’s Make a Deal.† â€Å"Private Gump! I remind you that you are under oath here!† â€Å"Well, actually, he was watchin Concentration, but he said it confuses him.† â€Å"Private Gump! You are evading my question – and you are under oath. Are you tryin to make the United States Senate look ridiculous? We can hold you in contempt!† â€Å"I reckon you already do,† I says. â€Å"Sombitch! You are covering up for all of them – the President, Colonel North, here, Poindexter, and I don’t know who-all else! We are gonna get to the bottom of this if it takes all year!† â€Å"Yessir.† â€Å"So, now, Gump, Colonel North has told us you conceived the whole nefarious plan to swap arms for hostages to the Ayatolja and then divert the money to the Contras in Central America. Isn’t that so?† â€Å"I don’t know nothin about any Contras – I thought the money was goin to some gorillas.† â€Å"Ah – an admission! So you did know about this horrible scheme!† â€Å"I understood the gorillas need the money, yessir. That’s what I was tole.† â€Å"Ha! I think you are lying, Private Gump. I suggest that it was you who devised the entire operation – and with the President’s complicity! Are you trying to play dumb?† â€Å"It ain’t exactly playin, sir.† â€Å"Mr. Chairman!† the lawyer says. â€Å"It is obvious that Private Gump, here, the ‘special assistant for covert operations to the President of the United States,’ is a fraud and a faker, and that he is deliberately tryin to make the United States Congress look like fools! He ought to be held in contempt!† The chairman, he sort of drawed hissef up an look down at me like I was a bug. â€Å"Yes, it does appear that way. Uh, Private Gump, do you understand the penalty for makin the United States Congress look like fools?† â€Å"No, sir.† â€Å"Well, we can thow your ass in jail – not to put too fine a point on it.† â€Å"Oh, yeah,† I says, tryin to imitate Colonel North’s tact an diplomacy strategy, â€Å"start thowin then.† So here I am again, thowed in jail. Headline in The Washington Post next day says: Moron Detained in Contempt of Congress Case An Alabama man, who sources close to the Post identified as a â€Å"certified idiot,† has been charged with contempt of Congress in the Iran-Contra scandal, which this paper has covered from top to bottom. Forrest Gump, of no fixed address, was sentenced to an indefinite prison term yesterday after he began ridiculing members of the Select Senate Committee appointed to investigate charges that key members of the Reagan administration conspired to swindle the Ayatolja Koumani of Iran out of cash in an arms-for-hostages scam. Gump, who apparently has been involved in numerous shady activities involving the U.S. Government, including its space program, was described by sources as â€Å"a member of the lunatic fringe of American intelligence operations. He’s one of those guys who comes an goes in the night,† the source said. A senator on the committee, who asked not to be identified, told the Post that Gump â€Å"will rot in that jail until he repents for trying to make fools of the U.S. Congress. Only the U.S. Congress itselves, and not some shitheaver from Alabama, is permitted to do that,† said the senator, to quote his own words. Anyhow, they give me some clothes with black an white prison stripes on em, an stick me in a cell I got to share with a forger, a child molester, a dynamite bomber, an some nut called Hinckley who is always talkin about the actress Jodie Foster. The forger is the nicest one of the bunch. Anyhow, after reviewin my employment qualifications, they set me to work makin license plates, an life settled down to a dull routine. It was about Christmastime – Christmas Eve, to be exact, an it was snowin – when a guard come up to the cell an say I got a visitor. I ast him who it was, but he just says, â€Å"Listen, Gump, you is lucky to have any kind of visitor, considerin the crime you have committed. People that go around makin a fool of the U.S. Congress are lucky they don’t get thowed in ‘the hole’ – so get your big ass out here.† I gone on down to the visitors room with him. Outside, a group of carolers from the Salvation Army is singin â€Å"Away in a Manger,† an I can hear a Santa Claus ringin his bell for donations. When I set down in front of the wire booth, I am absolutely floored to see settin across from me little Forrest. â€Å"Well, merry Christmas, I guess† is all he says. I don’t know what else to say, so I says, â€Å"Thanks.† We just set lookin at each other for a minute. Actually, little Forrest is mostly starin down at the counter, ashamed, I guess, to see his daddy in the pokey. â€Å"Well, how’d you come to get here?† I ast. â€Å"Grandma sent me. You was in all the papers and on TV, too. She said she thought it might cheer you up if I came.† â€Å"Yeah, well it does. I really appreciate it.† â€Å"It wadn’t my idea,† he said, a comment which I thought was unnecessary. â€Å"Look, I know I’ve screwed up, an right now I ain’t exactly somebody you can be proud of. But I been tryin.† â€Å"Tryin to do what?† â€Å"Tryin not to screw up.† He just kep starin at the counter, an after a minute or so, he says, â€Å"I went out to the zoo to see Wanda today.† â€Å"She okay?† â€Å"Took me two hours to find her. Seemed like she was cold. I tried to put my jacket in there for her, but some big ole zoo guard come up an start hollerin at me.† â€Å"He didn’t mess with you, did he?† â€Å"Nah, I tole him it was my pig, an he says somethin like, ‘Yeah, that’s what some other crackpot tole me, too,’ an then he just walked off.† â€Å"So how’s school?† â€Å"It’s okay, I guess. The other kids been givin me a hard time on account of you bein thowed in the slammer.† â€Å"Well, don’t let that bother you, now. It ain’t your fault.† â€Å"I don’t know about that†¦ If I’d just kept remindin you to check those valves and gauges at the pig farm, maybe none of this would have happened.† â€Å"You can’t look back,† I says. â€Å"Whatever is, is what is meant to be, I reckon.† That was about the only face I had left to put on it. â€Å"What you doin for Christmas?† â€Å"Oh, they probably got a big ole party for us here,† I lied, â€Å"probably have a Santa Claus an presents an a big turkey an everthin. You know how prisons are, they like to see the inmates enjoyin themsefs. What you gonna do?† â€Å"Catch the bus back home, I guess. I reckon I seen all the sights. After I got back from the zoo, I walked by the White House an up to Capitol Hill an then down to the Lincoln Memorial.† â€Å"Yeah, how was that?† â€Å"It was kinda funny, you know. It had started snowin, an was all misty, an†¦ an†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He begun shakin his head, an I could tell by his voice he was startin to choke up. â€Å"An what†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I just miss my mama, that’s all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Your mama, was she†¦ You didn’t see her, did you?† â€Å"Not exactly.† â€Å"But sort of?† â€Å"Yeah, sort of. Just for a minute. But it was only a dream. I know that! I ain’t stupid enough to really believe it.† â€Å"She say anythin to you?† â€Å"Yeah, she says I gotta look out for you. That you all I got, besides Grandma, an that you need my help now.† â€Å"She said that?† â€Å"Look, it was just a dream, like I said. Dreams ain’t real.† â€Å"You never know,† I says. â€Å"When’s your bus?† â€Å"About an hour. I guess I better be goin.† â€Å"Well, you have a good trip home, okay. I’m sorry you had to see me like this, but maybe it won’t be too long afore I get out.† â€Å"Yeah, they gonna turn you loose?† â€Å"Could be. There is a feller comes here for charity work with the inmates. A preacher. He says he is tryin to ‘rehabilitate’ us. He says he thinks he can get me out in a few months on a ‘federal work-release program’ or somethin. Says he’s got a big ole religious theme park down in Carolina an needs fellers like me to help him run it.† â€Å"Yeah, what’s his name?† â€Å"The Reverend Jim Bakker.† So that’s how I come to go to work for the Reverend Jim Bakker. He had a place in Carolina he had named Holy Land, an it was the biggest theme park I had ever heard of. The reverend had a wife called Tammy Faye, looked like a Kewpie doll with eyelashes long as a dragonfly’s wings an a lot of rouge on her cheeks. They was also a younger woman hangin aroun, name of Jessica Hahn, that Reverend Bakker described as his â€Å"secretary.† â€Å"Look, Gump,† Reverend Bakker says, â€Å"if that ignoramus Walt Disney can do it, so can I. This is the grandest scheme of the grand. We will attract Bible thumpers from all over the goddamn world! Fifty thousand a day – maybe more! Every scene in the Bible – every parable – will have its place here! And at twenty dollars a head, we’ll make billions!† In this, the Reverend Bakker was correct. He had more than fifty rides an attractions, an was plannin for more. People got to walk through some woods where they was a guy dressed up like Moses, an when they got close he stepped on a button that set off a gas valve that shot a fire twenty feet in the air – â€Å"Moses and the Burnin Bush†! An as soon as the gas fire bust out, the visitors all jump back an begun hollerin an ooohin an ahhhin, like to scared them to death! There was a stream, too, where a little baby Moses was floatin aroun in a plastic boat wrapped in a towel – â€Å"Moses in the Bulrushes†! Then there was â€Å"The Red Sea Parting,† where Reverend Bakker has figgered out a way for a whole lake to be sucked up on both sides on command, an the people get to walk across on the bottom, just like the Israelites – an furthermore, when they got to the other side, the reverend has a bunch of goons from the prison-release program dressed up like Pharaoh’s Army start chasin after em, but when the goons tried to get across the sea, the pumps thowed all the water back in the lake an Pharaoh’s Army got drownded. He had it all. They was â€Å"Jacob in His Coat of Many Colors† an the entire â€Å"Story of Job,† which was about as much sufferin as I have ever seen a man go through on a daily basis. After the first bunch had walked through â€Å"The Red Sea Parting,† a second group got to come to the lake to watch Jesus turn loafs of bread into fishes. The reverend, he had figgered out a way to save money by lettin the fishes eat the bread till they got fat enough, an then he served them up to the visitors at the fish-fry pavilion for fifteen dollars a plate! They have got â€Å"Daniel in the Lion’s Den† an â€Å"Jonah in the Belly of the Whale,† too. On Mondays, when Holy Land is closed, the reverend rents out the lion an his tamer to a local bar for fifty bucks a night, where they bet people that nobody can beat the lion in a rasslin match. The whale is a big ole mechanical whale, an it was all workin pretty good till the reverend discovered that Jonah was hidin a bunch of whisky behin the whale’s tonsils. Ever time the whale gobbled him up he’d run back an slug down a drink. End of the day come, Jonah is pretty drunk, an the finale arrived when Jonah commenced to give the crowd the finger just before the whale’s jaws clamped shut. Reverend had to put a stop to that, account of some of the mamas complained that their kids was givin the finger back. But the most spectacular ride of all was â€Å"Jesus Ascending into Heaven,† which was run on somethin the reverend called a skyhook. In fact, it was like one a them bungee-jumpin things in reverse, where the guy in the Jesus suit gets hooked up an then snatched about fifty feet in the air into a cloud of machine-made mist – an to tell the truth, it did look kinda realistic. The visitors could pay ten dollars apiece to get to do this themsefs. â€Å"Gump,† the reverend says, â€Å"I have got a brand-new attraction that I want you to be a part of. It is called ‘The Battle of David and Goliath’!† It didn’t take a whole lot of smarts for me to figger out what part I was sposed to play. I thought the deal playin in â€Å"David and Goliath† was gonna be easy, but of course it wadn’t. First off, they dressed me up in a big ole leopardskin tunic, an give me a shield an a spear an pasted a big black beard on me. What I am sposed to do is growl an roar an generally act like a asshole. An just when I am lookin my fiercest, the David character, he comes out wearin a set of diapers an starts thowin rocks at me with a slingshot. David is played by that nut Hinckley, who has got hissef into the program by claimin he is really crazy an don’t belong in jail anymore. When he is not throwin rocks at me with the slingshot, he spends all his times writin letters to Jodie Foster, who he describes as a â€Å"pen pal.† Problem is, they is real rocks he is thowin an ever so often one of em hits me – an let me say this: It hurts! We be doin our act five or six times a day, an by closin time, I probly been hit two dozen times by rocks. Hinckley, he seems to enjoy it, but after about a week or two, I done complained to Reverend Bakker that this don’t seem fair, me havin all these bruises an lumps an gettin two of my teeth chipped out by this little bastid, when I don’t never get to do anythin back to him. But the reverend says it is okay, account of in the Bible story, that was the way it was, an you can’t change the Bible. Damn if I wouldn’t, if I could, but of course I didn’t say so, account of the reverend, he say if I don’t like it, I can go on back to jail. I am sure missin little Forrest, an Jenny, too, an somehow, I feel that I am seriously forsaken. Anyhow, the time come when I had had enough. It was a big day at Holy Land, an the theme park was filled with visitors. When the crowd gets to my attraction, I begun roarin an lookin fierce an threatenin David with my spear. He begun thowin his rocks with the slingshot, an damn if one of them don’t hit me on the hand an I dropped my shield. I bent over to pick it up, an the little bastid done thowed another rock that hit me in the ass. This is totally uncalled for! A man can put up with just so much. Well, I lurched over to David, who is just standin there with a stupid smirk on his face, an I grapped him by the seat of his diapers an spun him around a few times, an then let go. He sailed all the way over the trees an landed right in the middle of the lake where Jesus was doin his loafs an fishes thing. David’s arrival must of set somethin off wrong with the main switchboard, cause all of a sudden the pumps begun operatin an the Red Sea begun to part. Without no warnin, the gas jet at the Burnin Bush went off, an Moses, who was standin too close to it, was set on fire. About this time, the mechanical whale took off right out of the lake an came up on shore, chompin an bitin like mad. Now the crowd begun to riot; women was hollerin an children was cryin an men was runnin for they lives. All this got the lion over at Daniel’s Den upset, an he busted loose an started to run amok. At that point, I appeared on the scene, which sort of added to the confusion. The guy what was playin Jesus ascendin into heaven was standin there drinkin a soda pop, waitin for his act to start, when all of a sudden the bungee cord snatched him up an flung him into the sky. He wadn’t strapped in or nothin, so it just let him go, an he landed in the middle of the fish-fry pavilion, right i n a big pot of warm grease. Somebody had called the police, who showed up an immediately begun beatin people on the heads with nightsticks. Meantime, the lion had got loose in the bulrushes, where he surprised the Reverend Bakker an Jessica Hahn, who was havin some kind of relationship minus their clothes. They come tearin out right in the middle of things, with the lion in hot pursuit. When the police got an eyeful of this, first thing they do is arrest the reverend for â€Å"indecent exposure,† an cart him off to jail. Last thing he says before they tossed him in the paddy wagon is â€Å"Gump, you idiot, I’ll have your head for this!† How to cite Gump and Co. Chapter 7, Essay examples

Romeo And Juliet (1059 words) Essay Example For Students

Romeo And Juliet (1059 words) Essay Romeo and JulietIt is not so much the central characters of the play, Romeo and Juliet themselves, as the minor characters that are responsible for their tragic end. I agree with this analysis to a high extent, but have also considered the other possible reasons why they died. The most commonly seen reason for Romeos and Juliets downfall would be the feud between the Capulets and the Montagues. However, the over-looked, minor characters play an important role in the downfall of Romeo and Juliet. They were constantly pushing them into secrecy and forcing them to construct a large and complex plan that results in Romeos and Juliets deaths. Tybalt is the trigger that sends Romeo and Juliet off on their downward path. He is always causing trouble and never once in appears in the play without being in the battles. One can find him constantly harassing Romeo and trying to start a fight. When Romeo finally does fight him to get revenge, he ends up killing him and thus gets exiled as the Prince promised earlier in the play. Romeo getting exiled means that when Friar Laurence and Juliet plans their devious scheme, Romeo is not able to hear about it straight away. In fact, he never hears about it, so assumes Juliet is truly dead. Paris seems to keep everything Romeo and Juliet does very hasty as he wishes to marry Juliet in two days. This means that Juliet drinks the potion that night, where she speaks her monologue in her bed. If Paris wasnt going to marry her in two days time, then she would have waited for a reply letter from Romeo. None of the confusion would have arisen. Paris doesnt love Juliet, not as Romeo does, but instead his love is only skin deep. He never really gets to know Juliet. If he did, then she may have liked Paris better than Romeo, which would completely cancel out everything else. The Prince contributes by exiling Romeo near the beginning of the play. Romeo thinks this very unfair (Tis torture and not mercy. Heaven is here, where Juliet lies.). This causes many problems. Romeo cannot hear about The Friars and Juliets plan, so he doesnt know that Juliet was still alive when he killed himself on top of her. The Prince doesnt really play much more of a part than this. The Friar doesnt play a very large part in Romeo and Juliets tragic end. He concocts the potion, but this in itself doesnt contribute to their tragic end but it is fate, in that the letter he wrote never reaches Romeo in Mantua and so he doesnt know of the Friars plan. The Friar is always giving council to Romeo and Juliet and is really only ever helping the two lovers. The only thing wrong he does is to marry Romeo and Juliet just a few days after they meet. This is not good because it is too hasty as he points out when he says, These violent delights have violent ends which comes true within the next two acts. Capulet is the worst offender. He never allows Juliet to marry Romeo, because Romeo is a Montague. Therefore, Romeo and Juliet cannot have a normal relationship and must keep their love for each other well. Capulet also changes his mind very quickly. Near the beginning of the play he answers to Pariss query that Juliet is still too young to woo Juliet and that he should wait two years. Later on in the play, which is only a couple of days later, he tells Paris that he shall wed Juliet in two days time. This causes all sorts of problems. It means that Juliet must seek help from the Friar that introduces many more things that could have gone wrong. .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90 , .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90 .postImageUrl , .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90 , .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90:hover , .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90:visited , .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90:active { border:0!important; } .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90:active , .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90 .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udfc4d2fc8efefd95d630420c0eee0d90:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Was the atomic bomb nessary EssayThe Nurse also does not help. She tells Juliet to perform bigamy by marrying her to both Romeo and Paris. At the beginning of the act, she is on Romeos side and is paying out Paris. After that she rapidly changes and starts preferring Paris instead of Romeo. Romeos a disclout to him The Nurse quotes. She suggests Juliet should marry Paris. Even though, the Nurse never goes out to hurt Juliet. She is only misinformed. The Nurse occasionally teases Juliet, also. For instance, when she gets back from her meeting with Romeo, she rambles on and on about something else. Finally, at the very end of her speech, the Nurse finally tells Juliet what a ctually happened in their meeting. This isnt meant to deliberately hurt Juliet, but she is more just playing around. Mercutio contributes slightly to Romeo and Juliets untimely end. When Tybalt tries to agitate Romeo, but does not fight, Mercutio believes he is being a coward and so hastily jumps in to try and defends Romeos honor. When Mercutio gets himself killed, he not only does this, but also contributes to Romeos own death. He gives Romeo no choice but to kill Tybalt in revenge. Romeo and Juliet also contribute to their own death. Romeo is a lot more to blame than Juliet. He is the one who gets exiled. Romeo is extremely hasty and rarely thinks before he acts. Juliet, though, always acts with control and much thought throughout the play. We first see Romeos hastiness that starts them on their downward fall when he quickly turns from peacemaker to aggressor, throwing consideration to the wind and attacks Tybalt in a fit of rage. This ends up in his banishment from Verona. Still abrupt after his punishment, Romeo believes the first thing he hears and immediately rushes off to the apothecary to buy some poison. When he hears of Juliets death, while in Mantua, it is his hastiness that leads to his and Juliets death. He does not consider the best thing to do, but instead rushes to Verona, and risks death by being there, to kill himself on top of Juliet. Had Romeo taken more time in his actions, all would have been well. As anyone can clearly see, the deaths of Romeo and Juliet were not caused just by themselves. The minor characters had a big portion in the deaths. In conclusion, I feel situations should be handled by the main person themselves and people should think twice before letting other people become involved.

Assessing The Scope And Diversity Of Hilton Hotels Tourism Essay Essay Example

Assessing The Scope And Diversity Of Hilton Hotels Tourism Essay Essay There are 1.7 million employees engaged in the cordial reception industry in the UK, which is about 6 of the entire on the job category people. Annual turnover is ?55-?60b from the cordial reception industry, includes all sizes or types of cordial reception concerns or administrations. It is so hard to state that which is the biggest administration, as it is depends on so many factors. There are some top operators in the market specialised in ain sectors. By and large, they are based on their annual turnover, sizes, types, figure of employees, sectors, sub-sectors etc. Harmonizing to VisitBritain, 27.7m abroad visitants came to the UK in 2004. There is a 13 addition in footings of like for like gross revenues than the old twelvemonth. Visitors have spent an estimated value of ?13b in the twelvemonth 2004 increasing 10 than 2003, harmonizing to VisitBritain. On the other manus, domestic tourers spent 70.5 million on vacations of more than one dark within the UK. Domestic concern trips were besides made, estimated more than 22 million, in 2003. An estimated entire domestic spend was ?59 billion. In the instance of touristry, there are an estimated 1.4 million occupations in the UK, which is 5 of all working people. Scope: We will write a custom essay sample on Assessing The Scope And Diversity Of Hilton Hotels Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Assessing The Scope And Diversity Of Hilton Hotels Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Assessing The Scope And Diversity Of Hilton Hotels Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are 14 industries included in the cordial reception sector ; from hotels and eating houses through to events, chancing, saloon, and nutrient contracts, school repasts, providing for parties, conferences, Night nines and travel services. Diverseness: There are many types of Hospitality services available in the market, such as Luxury hotels ( 5*-7* ) , Boutique hotel, Mid scope hotel, Budget hotel, guest house/B A ; B, residential serviced flats, finish resorts, Time portion, Unusual hotels, sail ships, Conference locales, Coffee shops, fast nutrients, Public house etc. There are many brands we can see in the local or planetary markets, such as Hilton, Marriott, Holiday Inn, Doncaster, and Sheraton etc. Services and monetary values may change harmonizing to size/type and locations. As we know Luxury and Boutique hotels are rather expensive. Hilton: Its history and development in the market Hilton Worldwide provides concern and leisure clients the finest in adjustments, service, comfortss and value in the UK and worldwide. In 1919, Cisco, Texas, Conrad Hilton bought his first of all time hotel, since so they have expended globally, kept original and travel constructs, and developed advanced engineerings to maximise the guest experience. Hilton is the planetary cordial reception administration, straddling the adjustment sector from epicurean full-service hotels and resort to extended-stay suites and mid-priced hotels ( About us: Hilton Worldwide, 2010 ) . There are more than 3,600 hotels in 81 states ; their dependable group of hotel trade names includes the Waldorf Astoria, Conrad Hilton Hotels A ; Resorts, Doubletree, Embassy Suites, Hilton Garden Inn, Hampton Inn A ; Suites, Homewood Suites by Hilton, Home2 Suites by Hilton and Hilton Grand Vacations ( About us: Hilton Worldwide, 2010 ) . Hilton s committedness to making extraordinary invitee experiences remains unaffected and their more than 130,000 squad members continue to present the quality of service to the UK and the universe s visitants for 90 old ages of operations ( About us: Hilton Worldwide, 2010 ) . The organizational construction of assorted cordial reception concerns Large full-service hotel: A well-run big full-service housing installation, this requires the undermentioned section caputs: General director Assistant general director Accountant Plant applied scientist Executive housekeeper Human resources director Diversion manager Sports manager Selling and gross revenues manager Gift store director Front office director Food and drink manager Garage director Mid-Size Hotel: Figure 1outlines the organisation of a slightly smaller lodging belongings. Figure 1 Medium size lodging belongings The section caputs required include: General Manager Maintenance/groundskeeper Front office director Accountant Restaurant director Housekeeper Small limited-service hotel: Organisation chart of a limited-service hotel much scaled down from that of a big hotel. Figure 2 Small Limited-service hotel construction The section caputs include: General Manager Front office director Housekeeper Care director Hilton s vision, mission and organizational development Vision: To make full the Earth with the visible radiation and heat of cordial reception ( About us: Hilton Worldwide, 2010 ) . Mission: We will be the pre-eminent planetary cordial reception company the first pick of invitees, squad members and proprietors likewise ( About us: Hilton Worldwide, 2010 ) . Valuess: Their values as follows: Hydrogen HOSPITALITY -A passionate about presenting exceeding invitee experiences. I INTEGRITY -A do the right thing, all the clip. Liter LEADERSHIP -A leaders in our industry and in our communities. Thymine TEAMWORK -A squad participants in everything we do. Oxygen OWNERSHIP -the proprietors of our actions and determinations. Nitrogen NOW -A operate with a sense of urgency and subject ( About us: Hilton Worldwide, 2010 ) . Puting the criterion: Sustainability is a trade name criterion. It s now a critical public presentation step of the concern merely like quality, service, or gross. They are the first major multi-brand cordial reception administration to do such an of import rise. Model for Action Measurement: LightStay, proprietary system, analyses and studies sustainability public presentation at each belongings. Figure 3 Model for Action Coverage: Use 3rd party to verify their system, procedures and consequence. Validate current public presentation while set uping benchmarks for uninterrupted hereafter betterment, merely like a fiscal statement. Learning: They understand the impact of belongings degree and corporate enterprises and portion best patterns across the planetary system. Continuous Improvement: Sustainability is non a plan. Alternatively, sustainable actions are incorporated into how they distribute hotel public presentation around the Earth and a better experience for their invitees. 2.1 The modern-day focal point of the managing cordial reception The importance of presenting uninterrupted quality service in hotels, as defined by the invitee. Successful extension of cordial reception starts with direction s committedness to a service direction plan. Fixing a service scheme statement will concentrate the planning attempts of the proprietors, direction, and employees. Principles of entire quality direction provide a director with an chance to affect frontline employees in analysing the constituents of bringing of service and methods to better bing services. The development of the service direction plan requires the engagement of frontline employees, treatment of the guest rhythm, minutes of truth, employee buy-in construct, showing of possible employees prior to engaging, authorization, preparation, rating of the service direction plan, follow-through, and interfacing with other sections in presenting cordial reception. A long-run committedness to a successful service direction plan is necessary. 2.2 Operational and managerial issues reflecting on developments Specific reappraisal of the function of the front office director revealed many related constructs. Success in supplying effectual supervising begins with a reappraisal of the resources available to the front office director, such as employees, equipment, room stock list, fundss, and gross revenues chances. After analysing these resources, the front office director can direct the section more efficaciously ; the aims of doing a net income and presenting cordial reception to the invitee can be achieved more easy. The functional function of the front office director can be understood by fixing a occupation analysis and occupation description. This procedure allows the future professional to see the major duties of the occupation and the assorted departmental relationships involved. The many places found on a front office staff have the common end of supplying cordial reception to the invitee. Training, authorization, and flexibleness are necessary to do the squad work. Prediction, programming, developing a supervisory manner, actuating forces, equilibrating staff personalities, deputing undertakings, preparation, and efficaciously pass oning are merely a few of the accomplishments a good supervisor must get the hang. It is a womb-to-tomb attempt developed through go oning instruction and test and mistake.

The Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall essays

The Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall essays An Iron Curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all of the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe . . . all these famous cities and populations around lie in the Soviet sphere and all are subject . . . to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow. With this section of Winston Churchills famous speech in 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, he coined the term Iron Curtain. Most people believe that Winston Churchill was referring directly to the Berlin Wall, but he was actually talking about the general closing off of Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe. Even though the wall itself was not built until 1961, the Berlin Wall was the enduring symbol of that Iron Curtain. Understanding the reason for its construction, the heartache it caused, and the joy over its fall helps modern students relate to its symbolic role as an Iron Curtain (Rise). The Berlin Wall was erected for one main reason: to keep East Berliners from escaping to West Berlin. After WWII, Berlin, the capital of Germany, was a ruined city. The WWII victors, the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, divided Germany and Berlin in four sectors, each controlled by one of the four countries. At first, Berlin citizens could move freely between the sectors to work or to visit with friends and family. The American, British, and French sectors became democratic and capitalist, and the Soviet sector became a communist dictatorship. By 1948, the Soviet Union and democratic allies began to fight over how to govern Berlin, and on April 1, 1948 the Soviet Union blockaded routes in and out of East Berlin which trapped some two million Berliners with little food or fuel to live. The allies decided they needed to do something. So, they came up with the idea of the Berlin Airlift, which flew planes with food and suppli...

(Obama and US healthcare system) political issue in terms of risk Essay

(Obama and US healthcare system) political issue in terms of risk taking and leadership - Essay Example Evidently, there are two main aspects of international relations that affect law and order in the modern world. These are balance of power and political dominance (hegemony). International relations and hegemony are often considered two parallel things i.e. they are irreconcilable. This is because of the fact that dominating states are always reluctant to embrace and utilize forms of order or abide by the rules of international law. Some dominant states perceive these rules as overly constraining. On the other hand, the internal law systems seem to be far from balance of power on the premise that it may grant formal recognition to superior countries thus subjecting them to political realm. Critically, there is need of power to ensure that social norms and rules are observed by both powerful and less powerful states. In such situations, international law is redundant since it cannot effectively constrain powerful countries. As such, there is need for a balance of power for internation al law to exist. As suggested by Krisch (2005), international relations and law are spheres of equality. International relations study utilizes a number of theories to explain relations amongst nations. This essay attempts to reveal whether a balance of power or hegemony can help maintain order in the contemporary society, and the implications of each

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Strategic Decision making creates global competitive advantage for South African Breweries - Research Paper Example The firm strongly emphasizes on the continuous development of its strategies, through strategies as those described above. However, there are certain parts of the business strategy that need to be updated the soonest possible; reference is made to the HR policies of the firm, which have led to severe complaints by the employees and the development of strikes. The HR strategies of the firm are reviewed in this paper; reference is made specifically to the organizational strategies for employee motivation. Appropriate literature has been used for analyzing and evaluating the firm’s policies in the particular field; emphasis is given on the potential use of the expectancy theory for explaining and managing the lack of employee motivation in the particular organization. Also, strategic tools have been used for describing the firm’s internal and external environment – aiming to show the prospects of the firm to resolve effectively the particular organizational problem. The performance of South African Breweries in the local and the global market is depended on a series of factors; the figures included in the firm’s financial statements can be indicators for the firm’s performance up to now and its expected rate of growth. However, in order to identify the firm’s performance in the future it would be necessary to refer to the current market conditions – referring to the performance and the trends of the South African beverage industry; moreover, data on the firm’s performance up to now should be presented aiming to show the potentials of the firm to achieve a stable growth in the long term. Strategic tools, like the SWOT analysis and the PESTEL analysis will be employed in order to identify the conditions in the firm’s environment and retrieve information on the barriers that the firm’s has to face in the particular industry. Appropriate literature is also used for indicating the aspects and the pote ntial solutions of the

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN)

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) CHAPTER1: Introduction Most of the earth surface is composed of water including fresh water from river, lakes etc and salt water from the sea. There are still many un-explored areas for such places. This needs significant research efforts and good communication systems. Wireless sensor network in aqueous medium has the ability to explore the underwater environment in details. For all applications of underwater, a good communication system as well as an effective routing protocol is needed. This will enable the underwater devices to communicate precisely. Underwater propagation speed varies with temperature, salinity and depth. By varying the underwater propagation speed at different depth, two scenarios can be achieved accurately namely: shallow and deep water. Shallow water consists of depth less than 200m and cylinder spreading. Deep water consists of depth greater or equal to 200 m and spherical spreading. In both shallow and deep water, different ambient noise and different spreading factor is applied. CHAPTER 2: Study of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) Application of UASN Wireless sensor network in aqueous medium also known as underwater sensor network has enabled a broad range of applications including: Environmental Monitoring Underwater sensor network can be used to monitor pollution like chemical, biological such as tracking of fish or micro-organisms, nuclear and oil leakage pollutions in bays, lakes or rivers [1]. Underwater sensor network can also be used to improve weather forecast, detect climate change, predict the effect of human activities on marine ecosystems, ocean currents and temperature change e.g. the global warming effect to ocean. Under Ocean Exploration Exploring minerals, oilfields or reservoir, determine routes for laying undersea cables and exploration valuable minerals can be done with such underwater sensor network. Disaster Prevention Sensor network that measure seismic activity from remote locations can provide tsunami warning to coastal areas, or study the effects of submarine earthquakes (seaquakes) [2] Equipment Monitoring Long-term equipment monitoring may be done with pre-installed infrastructure. Short-term equipment monitoring shares many requirements of long-term seismic monitoring, including the need for wireless (acoustic) communication, automatic configuration into a multihop network, localization (and hence time synchronization), and energy efficient operation Mine Reconnaissance By using acoustic sensors and optical sensors together, mine detection can be accomplished quickly and effectively. Assisted Monitoring Sensor can be used to discover danger on the seabed, locate dangerous rocks or shoals in shallow waters, mooring position, submerged wrecks and to perform bathymetry profiling. Information collection The main goal of communication network is the exchange of information inside the network and outside the network via a gateway or switch center. This application is used to share information among nodes and autonomous underwater vehicles. Characteristic of UASN Underwater Acoustic Networks (UANs), including but not limited to, Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Networks (AUVNs) , are defined as networks composed of more than two nodes, using acoustic signals to communicate, for the purpose of underwater applications. UASNs and AUVNs are two important kinds of UANs. The former is composed of many sensor nodes, mostly for a monitoring purpose. The nodes are usually without or with limited capacity to move. The latter is composed of autonomous or unmanned vehicles with high mobility, deployed for applications that need mobility, e.g., exploration. An UAN can be an UASN, or an AUVN, or a combination of both. Acoustic communications, on the other hands, is defined as communication methods from one point to another by using acoustic signals. Network structure is not formed in acoustic point-to-point communications. Sound travels best through the water in comparison with electromagnetic waves and optical signals. Acoustic signal is sound signal waveform, usually produced by sonar for underwater applications. Acoustic signal processing extracts information from acoustic signals in the presence of noise and uncertainty. Underwater acoustic communications are mainly influenced by path loss, noise, multi-path, Doppler spread, and high and variable propagation delay. All these factors determine the temporal and spatial variability of the acoustic channel, and make the available bandwidth of the Underwater Acoustic channel (UW-A) limited and dramatically dependent on both range and frequency. Long-range systems that operate over several tens of kilometers may have a bandwidth of only a few kHz, while a short-range system operating over several tens of meters may have more than a hundred kHz bandwidth. These factors lead to low bit rate. Underwater acoustic communication links can be classified according to their range as very long, long, medium, short, and very short links. Acoustic links are also roughly classified as vertical and horizontal, according to the direction of the sound ray. Their propagation characteristics differ consistently, especially with respect to time dispersion, multi-path spreads, and delay variance. Acoustic signal is the only physical feasible tool that works in underwater environment. Compared with it, electromagnetic wave can only travel in water with short distance due to the high attenuation and absorption effect in underwater environment. It is found that the absorption of electromagnetic energy in sea water is about 45Ãâ€" ?f dB per kilometer, where f is frequency in Hertz; In contrast, the absorption of acoustic signal over most frequencies of interest is about three orders of magnitude lower [40]. Hereafter the factors that influence acoustic communications is analyzed in order to state the challenges posed by the underwater channels for underwater sensor networking. These include: Path loss Attenuation is mainly provoked by absorption due to conversion of acoustic energy into heat, which increases with distance and frequency. It is also caused by scattering a reverberation (on rough ocean surface and bottom), refraction, and dispersion (due to the displacement of the reflection point caused by wind on the surface). Water depth plays a key role in determining the attenuation. Geometric Spreading is the spreading of sound energy as a result of the expansion of the wavefronts. It increases with the propagation distance and is independent of frequency. There are two common kinds of geometric spreading: spherical (omni-directional point source), and cylindrical (horizontal radiation only). Noise Man made noise is mainly caused by machinery noise (pumps, reduction gears, power plants, etc.), and shipping activity (hull fouling, animal life on hull, cavitations), especially in areas encumbered with heavy vessel traffic. Ambient Noise is related to hydrodynamics (movement of water including tides, current, storms, wind, rain, etc.), seismic and biological phenomena. Multi-path Multi-path propagation may be responsible for severe degradation of the acoustic communication signal, since it generates Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI). The multi-path geometry depends on the link configuration. Vertical channels are characterized by little time dispersion, whereas horizontal channels may have extremely long multi-path spreads. The extent of the spreading is a strong function of depth and the distance between transmitter and receiver. High delay and delay variance The propagation speed in the UW-A channel is five orders of magnitude lower than in the radio channel. This large propagation delay (0.67 s/km) can reduce the throughput of the system considerably. The very high delay variance is even more harmful for efficient protocol design, as it prevents from accurately estimating the round trip time (RTT), which is the key parameter for many common communication protocols. Doppler spread The Doppler frequency spread can be significant in UW-A channels, causing degradation in the performance of digital communications: transmissions at a high data rate because many adjacent symbols to interfere at the receiver, requiring sophisticated signal processing to deal with the generated ISI. The Doppler spreading generates: a simple frequency translation, which is relatively easy for a receiver to compensate for a continuous spreading of frequencies, which constitutes a non-shifted signal, which is more difficult for a receiver to compensate for. If a channel has a Doppler spread with bandwidth B and a signal has symbol duration T, then there are approximately BT uncorrelated samples of its complex envelope. When BT is much less than unity, the channel is said to be under spread and the effects of the Doppler fading can be ignored, while, if greater than unity, it is overspread. Most of the described factors are caused by the chemical-physical properties of the water medium such as temperature, salinity and density, and by their spatio-temporal variations. These variations, together with the wave guide nature of the channel, because the acoustic channel to be temporally and spatially variable. In particular, the horizontal channel is by far more rapidly varying than the vertical channel, in both deep and shallow water. CHAPTER 3: Network Architecture Underwater sensor nodes: The underwater sensor nodes are deployed on the sea floor anchored to the ocean bottom [32]. The sensors are equipped with floating buoys to push the nodes upwards, thus they are relatively stationary nodes [3]. Using acoustic links, they relay data to underwater sink directly or via multi-hop path. Underwater sink nodes: Underwater sink nodes take charge of collecting data of underwater sensors deployed on the ocean bottom and then send to the surface sink node. They may be equipped with vertical and horizontal acoustic transducers. The horizontal transceiver is used to collect the sensors data and the vertical transceiver provides transmitting link between underwater sink and the surface sink node. Surface sink node: Surface sink node is attached on a floating buoy with satellite, radio frequency (RF) or cell phone technology to transmit data to shore in real time. 2D Model A reference architecture for two-dimensional underwater networks is shown in Figure. 1. A group of sensor nodes are anchored to the deep of the ocean. Underwater sensor nodes are interconnected to one or more underwater gateways by means of wireless acoustic links. Underwater-gateways are network devices in charge of relaying data from the ocean bottom network to a surface station. To achieve this objective, they are equipped with two acoustic transceivers, namely a vertical and a horizontal transceiver. The horizontal transceiver is used by the underwater-gateway to communicate with the sensor nodes in order to: send commands and configuration data to the sensors (underwater -gateway to sensors); collect monitored data (sensors to underwater -gateway). The vertical link is used by the underwater -gateways to relay data to a surface station. In deep water applications, vertical transceivers must be long range transceivers. The surface station is equipped with an acoustic transceiver that is able to handle multiple parallel communications with the deployed underwater -gateways. It is also endowed with a long range RF and/or satellite transmitter to communicate with the onshore sink (os-sink) and/or to a surface sink (s-sink). In shallow water, bottom-deployed sensors/modems may directly communicate with the surface buoy, with no specialized bottom node (underwater -gateway). 3D Model Three-dimensional underwater networks are used to detect and observe phenomena that cannot be adequately observed by means of ocean bottom sensor nodes, i.e., to perform cooperative sampling of the 3D ocean environment. In three-dimensional underwater networks, sensor nodes float at different depths to observe a phenomenon. In this architecture, given in Figure 2, each sensor is anchored to the ocean bottom and equipped with a floating buoy that can be inflated by a pump. The buoy pushes the sensor towards the ocean surface. The depth of the sensor can then be regulated by adjusting the length of the wire that connects the sensor to the anchor, by means of an electronically controlled engine that resides on the sensor. Sensing and communication coverage in a 3D environment are rigorously investigated in [8]. The diameter, minimum and maximum degree of the reachability graph that describes the network are derived as a function of the communication range, while different degrees of cov erage for the 3D environment are characterized as a function of the sensing range. 3D Model with AUV The above figure represents the third type of network architecture which consist of sensor nodes and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) which act as mobile sensor nodes for ocean monitoring, underwater resource study, etc. CHAPTER 4: Differences between underwater and terrestrial Sensor Network An underwater acoustic channel is different from a ground-based radio channel from many aspects, including: Bandwidth is extremely limited. The attenuation of acoustic signal increases with frequency and range [6] [10]. Consequently, the feasible band is extremely small. For example, a short range system operating over several tens of meters may have available bandwidth of a hundred kHz; a medium-range system operating over several kilometers has a bandwidth on the order of ten kHz; and a long-range system operating over several tens of kilometers is limited to only a few kHz of bandwidth [11]. Propagation delay is long. The transmission speed of acoustic signals in salty water is around 1500 meter/s [22], which is a difference of five orders of magnitude lower than the speed of electromagnetic wave in free space. Correspondently, propagation delay in an underwater channel becomes significant. This is one of the essential characteristics of underwater channels and has profound implications on localization and time synchronization. The channel impulse response is not only spatially varied but also temporarily varied. The channel characteristics vary with time and highly depend on the location of the transmitter and receiver. The fluctuation nature of the channel causes the received signals easily distorted. There are two types of propagation paths: macro-multipaths, which are the deterministic propagation paths; and micro-multipath, which is a random signal fluctuation. The macro-multipaths are caused by both reflection at the boundaries (bottom, surface and any object in the water) and bending. Inter- Symbol Interference (ISI) thus occurs. Compared with the spread of its ground-based counterpart, which is on the order of several symbol intervals, ISI spreading in an underwater acoustic channel is several tens or hundred of symbol intervals for moderate to high data rate in the horizontal channel. Micro-multipath fluctuations are mainly caused by surface wave, which contributes the most to the time variability of shallow water channel. In deep water, internal waves impact the single-path random fluctuations [12][13]. Probability of bit error is much higher and temporary loss of connectivity (shadow zone) sometimes occurs, due to the extreme characteristics of the channel. Cost. While terrestrial sensor nodes are expected to become increasingly inexpensive, underwater sensors are expensive devices. This is especially due to the more complex underwater transceivers and to the hardware protection needed in the extreme underwater environment. Also, because of the low economy of scale caused by a small relative number of suppliers, underwater sensors are characterized by high cost. Deployment. While terrestrial sensor networks are densely deployed, in underwater, the deployment is generally more sparse. Power. The power needed for acoustic underwater communications is higher than in terrestrial radio communications because of the different physical layer technology (acoustic vs. RF waves), the higher distances, and more complex signal processing techniques implemented at the receivers to compensate for the impairments of the channel. Memory. While terrestrial sensor nodes have very limited storage capacity, underwater-sensors may need to be able to do some data caching as the underwater channel may be intermittent. Spatial Correlation. While the readings from terrestrial sensors are often correlated, this is more unlikely to happen in underwater networks due to the higher distance among sensors. CHAPTER 5: Layered of UASN The underwater architecture network consists of five layers, application, transport, network, data link and physical layer as shown in the figure below. As typical underwater systems have limited processing capability, the protocol has been kept as simple as possible without significantly compromising performance. The underwater sensor network specifications currently do not include any recommendations for authentication and encryption. These may be easily implemented at the application layer or via a spreading scheme at the physical layer. Each layer is described by a SAPI. The SAPI is defined in terms of messages being passed to and from the layer. The clients (usually higher layers) of a layer invoke the layer via a request (REQ). The layer responds to each REQ by a response (RSP). Errors are reported via an ERR RSP with error codes. If the layer needs to send unsolicited messages to the client, it does so via a notification (NTF). A layer communicates logically with its peer layer via protocol data units (PDU). As the peer-to-peer communication is symmetric, a layer may send a REQ PDU to its peer layer at any time. It would optionally respond to such a PDU with a RSP PDU. This is logically depicted in Figure below It may be desirable in some cases, that non-neighboring layers communicate with each other to achieve cross-layer optimization. This may be implemented by allowing REQ and RSP PDUs between any two layers in the protocol stack. The underwater sensor network specifications define detailed message structures for all SAPI messages. These message structures include message identifiers, data formats to be used, parameters and their possible values Physical layer The physical layer provides framing, modulation and error correction capability (via FEC). It provides primitives for sending and receiving packets. It may also provide additional functionality such as parameter settings, parameter recommendation, carrier sensing, etc. At first underwater channel development was based on non-coherent frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation, since it relies on energy detection. Thus, it does not require phase tracking, which is a very difficult task mainly because of the Doppler-spread in the underwater acoustic channel. Although non-coherent modulation schemes are characterized by high power efficiency, their low bandwidth efficiency makes them unsuitable for high data rate multiuser networks. Hence, coherent modulation techniques have been developed for long-range, high-throughput systems. In the last years, fully coherent modulation techniques, such as phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), have become practical due to the availability of powerful digital processing. Channel equalization techniques are exploited to leverage the effect of the inter-symbol interference (ISI), instead of trying to avoid or suppress it. Decision-feedback equalizers (DFEs) track the complex, relatively slowly varying channel response and thus provide high throughput when the channel is slowly varying. Conversely, when the channel varies faster, it is necessary to combine the DFE with a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) [9], which estimates and compensates for the phase offset in a rapid, stable manner. The use of decision feedback equalization and phase-locked loops is driven by the complexity and time variability of ocean channel impulse responses. Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) serves as an intermediate solution between incoherent and fully coherent systems in terms of bandwidth efficiency. DPSK encodes information relative to the previous symbol rather than to an arbitrary fixed reference in the signal phase and may be referred to as a partially coherent modulation. While this strategy substantially alleviates carrier phase-tracking requirements, the penalty is an increased error probability over PSK at an equivalent data rate. Another promising solution for underwater communications is the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) spread spectrum technique, which is particularly efficient when noise is spread over a large portion of the available bandwidth. OFDM is frequently referred to as multicarrier modulation because it transmits signals over multiple sub-carriers simultaneously. In particular, sub-carriers that experience higher SNR, are allotted with a higher number of bits, whereas less bits are allotted to sub-carriers experiencing attenuation, according to the concept of bit loading, which requires channel estimation. Since the symbol duration for each individual carrier increases, OFDM systems perform robustly in severe multi-path environments, and achieve a high spectral efficiency. Many of the techniques discussed above require underwater channel estimation, which can be achieved by means of probe packets [17]. An accurate estimate of the channel can be obtained with a high probing rate and/or with a large probe packet size, which however result in high overhead, and in the consequent drain of channel capacity and energy. Data link layer (MAC layer) The data link layer provides single hop data transmission capability; it will not be able to transmit a packet successfully if the destination node is not directly accessible from the source node. It may include some degree of reliability. It may also provide error detection capability (e.g. CRC check). In case of a shared medium, the data link layer must include the medium access control (MAC) sub-layer. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) is not suitable for underwater sensor network due to the narrow bandwidth in underwater acoustic channels and the vulnerability of limited band systems to fading and multipath. Time division multiple access (TDMA) shows limited bandwidth efficiency because of the long time guards required in the underwater acoustic channel. In fact, long time guards must be designed to account for the large propagation delay and delay variance of the underwater channel in order to minimize packet collisions from adjacent time slots. Moreover, the variable delay makes it very challenging to realize a precise synchronization, with a common timing reference, which is required for TDMA. Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) prevents collisions with the ongoing transmission at the transmitter side. To prevent collisions at the receiver side, however, it is necessary to add a guard time between transmissions dimensioned according to the maximum propagation delay in the network. This makes the protocol dramatically inefficient for underwater acoustic sensor network. The use of contention-based techniques that rely on handshaking mechanisms such as RTS/ CTS in shared medium access is impractical in underwater, for the following reasons: large delays in the propagation of RTS/CTS control packets lead to low throughput; due to the high propagation delay of underwater acoustic channels, when carrier sense is used, as in 802.11, it is more likely that the channel be sensed idle while a transmission is ongoing, since the signal may not have reached the receiver yet; the high variability of delay in handshaking packets makes it impractical to predict the start and finish time of the transmissions of other stations. Thus, collisions are highly likely to occur. Code division multiple access (CDMA) is quite robust to frequency selective fading caused by underwater multi-paths, since it distinguishes simultaneous signals transmitted by multiple devices by means of pseudo-noise codes that are used for spreading the user signal over the entire available band. CDMA allows reducing the number of packet retransmissions, which results in decreased battery consumption and increased network throughput. In conclusion, although the high delay spread which characterizes the horizontal link in underwater channels makes it difficult to maintain synchronization among the stations, especially when orthogonal code techniques are used [17], CDMA is a promising multiple access technique for underwater acoustic networks. This is particularly true in shallow water, where multi-paths and Doppler- spreading plays a key role in the communication performance. Network layer (Routing) The network layer is in charge of determining the path between a source (the sensor that samples a physical phenomenon) and a destination node (usually the surface station). In general, while many impairments of the underwater acoustic channel are adequately addressed at the physical and data link layers, some other characteristics, such as the extremely long propagation delays, are better addressed at the network layer. Basically, there are two methods of routing. The first one is virtual circuit routing and the second one is packet-switch routing. In virtual circuit routing, the networks use virtual circuits to decide on the path at the beginning of the network operation. Virtual-circuit-switch routing protocols can be a better choice for underwater acoustic networks. The reasons are: Underwater acoustic networks are typical asymmetric instead of symmetric. However, packet switched routing protocols are proposed for symmetric network architecture; Virtual-circuit-switch routing protocols work robust against link failure, which is critical in underwater environment; and Virtual-circuit-switch routing protocols have less signal overhead and low latency, which are needed for underwater acoustic channel environment. However, virtual-circuit-switch routing protocols usually lack of flexibility. In packet-switch routing, every node that is part of the transmission makes its own routing decision, i.e., decides its next hop to relay the packet. Packet-switch routing can be further classified into Proactive routing, Reactive and geographical routing protocols. Most routing protocols for ground-based wireless networks are packet-switch based. Proactive routing protocols attempt to minimize the message latency by maintaining up-to-date routing information at all times from each node to any other node. It broadcasts control packets that contain routing table information. Typical protocols include Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) [28] and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA). However, proactive routing protocols provoke a large signaling overhead to establish routes for the first time and each time the network topology changes. It may not be a good fit in underwater environment due to the high probability of link failure and extremely limited bandwidth there. Reactive routing protocols only initiate a route discovery process upon request. Correspondently, each node does not need to maintain a sizable look-up table for routing. This kind of routing protocols is more suitable for dynamic environment like ad hoc wireless networks. Typical protocol examples are Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) [23], and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [27]. The shortage of reactive routing protocols is its high latency to establish routing. Similar to its proactive counterpart, flooding of control packets to establish paths is needed, which brings significant signal overhead. The high latency could become much deteriorated in underwater environment because of the much slower propagation speed of acoustic signal compared with the radio wave in the air. Geographic routing (also called georouting or position-based routing) is a routing principle that relies on geographic position information. It is mainly proposed for wireless networks and based on the idea that the source sends a message to the geographic location of the destination instead of using the network address. Geographic routing requires that each node can determine its own location and that the source is aware of the location of the destination. With this information a message can be routed to the destination without knowledge of the network topology or a prior route discovery. Transport layer A transport layer protocol is needed in underwater sensor network not only to achieve reliable collective transport of event features, but also to perform flow control and congestion control. The primary objective is to save scarce sensor resources and increase the network efficiency. A reliable transport protocol should guarantee that the applications be able to correctly identify event features estimated by the sensor network. Congestion control is needed to prevent the network from being congested by excessive data with respect to the network capacity, while flow control is needed to avoid that network devices with limited memory are overwhelmed by data transmissions. Most existing TCP implementations are unsuited for the underwater environment, since the flow control functionality is based on a window- based mechanism that relies on an accurate esteem of the round trip time (RTT), which is twice the end-to-end delay from source to destination. Rate-based transport protocols seem also unsuited for this challenging environment. They still rely on feedback control messages sent back by the destination to dynamically adapt the transmission rate, i.e., to decrease the transmission rate when packet loss is experienced or to increase it otherwise. The high delay and delay variance can thus cause instability in the feedback control. Furthermore, due to the unreliability of the acoustic channel, it is necessary to distinguish between packet losses due to the high bit error rate of the acoustic channel, from those caused by packets being dropped from the queues of sensor nodes due to network congestion. In terrestrial, assume that congestion is the only cause for packet loss and the solution lies on decreasing the transmission rate, but in underwater sensor network if the packet loss is due to bad channel then the transmission rate should not be decreased to preserve throughput efficiency. Transport layer functionalities can be tightly integrated with data link layer functionalities in a cross-layer module. The purpose of such an integrated module is to make the information about the condition of the variable underwater channel available also at the transport layer. In fact, usually the state of the channel is known only at the physical and channel access sub-layers, while the design principle of layer separation makes this information transparent to the higher layers. This integration allows maximizing the Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) CHAPTER1: Introduction Most of the earth surface is composed of water including fresh water from river, lakes etc and salt water from the sea. There are still many un-explored areas for such places. This needs significant research efforts and good communication systems. Wireless sensor network in aqueous medium has the ability to explore the underwater environment in details. For all applications of underwater, a good communication system as well as an effective routing protocol is needed. This will enable the underwater devices to communicate precisely. Underwater propagation speed varies with temperature, salinity and depth. By varying the underwater propagation speed at different depth, two scenarios can be achieved accurately namely: shallow and deep water. Shallow water consists of depth less than 200m and cylinder spreading. Deep water consists of depth greater or equal to 200 m and spherical spreading. In both shallow and deep water, different ambient noise and different spreading factor is applied. CHAPTER 2: Study of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) Application of UASN Wireless sensor network in aqueous medium also known as underwater sensor network has enabled a broad range of applications including: Environmental Monitoring Underwater sensor network can be used to monitor pollution like chemical, biological such as tracking of fish or micro-organisms, nuclear and oil leakage pollutions in bays, lakes or rivers [1]. Underwater sensor network can also be used to improve weather forecast, detect climate change, predict the effect of human activities on marine ecosystems, ocean currents and temperature change e.g. the global warming effect to ocean. Under Ocean Exploration Exploring minerals, oilfields or reservoir, determine routes for laying undersea cables and exploration valuable minerals can be done with such underwater sensor network. Disaster Prevention Sensor network that measure seismic activity from remote locations can provide tsunami warning to coastal areas, or study the effects of submarine earthquakes (seaquakes) [2] Equipment Monitoring Long-term equipment monitoring may be done with pre-installed infrastructure. Short-term equipment monitoring shares many requirements of long-term seismic monitoring, including the need for wireless (acoustic) communication, automatic configuration into a multihop network, localization (and hence time synchronization), and energy efficient operation Mine Reconnaissance By using acoustic sensors and optical sensors together, mine detection can be accomplished quickly and effectively. Assisted Monitoring Sensor can be used to discover danger on the seabed, locate dangerous rocks or shoals in shallow waters, mooring position, submerged wrecks and to perform bathymetry profiling. Information collection The main goal of communication network is the exchange of information inside the network and outside the network via a gateway or switch center. This application is used to share information among nodes and autonomous underwater vehicles. Characteristic of UASN Underwater Acoustic Networks (UANs), including but not limited to, Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Networks (AUVNs) , are defined as networks composed of more than two nodes, using acoustic signals to communicate, for the purpose of underwater applications. UASNs and AUVNs are two important kinds of UANs. The former is composed of many sensor nodes, mostly for a monitoring purpose. The nodes are usually without or with limited capacity to move. The latter is composed of autonomous or unmanned vehicles with high mobility, deployed for applications that need mobility, e.g., exploration. An UAN can be an UASN, or an AUVN, or a combination of both. Acoustic communications, on the other hands, is defined as communication methods from one point to another by using acoustic signals. Network structure is not formed in acoustic point-to-point communications. Sound travels best through the water in comparison with electromagnetic waves and optical signals. Acoustic signal is sound signal waveform, usually produced by sonar for underwater applications. Acoustic signal processing extracts information from acoustic signals in the presence of noise and uncertainty. Underwater acoustic communications are mainly influenced by path loss, noise, multi-path, Doppler spread, and high and variable propagation delay. All these factors determine the temporal and spatial variability of the acoustic channel, and make the available bandwidth of the Underwater Acoustic channel (UW-A) limited and dramatically dependent on both range and frequency. Long-range systems that operate over several tens of kilometers may have a bandwidth of only a few kHz, while a short-range system operating over several tens of meters may have more than a hundred kHz bandwidth. These factors lead to low bit rate. Underwater acoustic communication links can be classified according to their range as very long, long, medium, short, and very short links. Acoustic links are also roughly classified as vertical and horizontal, according to the direction of the sound ray. Their propagation characteristics differ consistently, especially with respect to time dispersion, multi-path spreads, and delay variance. Acoustic signal is the only physical feasible tool that works in underwater environment. Compared with it, electromagnetic wave can only travel in water with short distance due to the high attenuation and absorption effect in underwater environment. It is found that the absorption of electromagnetic energy in sea water is about 45Ãâ€" ?f dB per kilometer, where f is frequency in Hertz; In contrast, the absorption of acoustic signal over most frequencies of interest is about three orders of magnitude lower [40]. Hereafter the factors that influence acoustic communications is analyzed in order to state the challenges posed by the underwater channels for underwater sensor networking. These include: Path loss Attenuation is mainly provoked by absorption due to conversion of acoustic energy into heat, which increases with distance and frequency. It is also caused by scattering a reverberation (on rough ocean surface and bottom), refraction, and dispersion (due to the displacement of the reflection point caused by wind on the surface). Water depth plays a key role in determining the attenuation. Geometric Spreading is the spreading of sound energy as a result of the expansion of the wavefronts. It increases with the propagation distance and is independent of frequency. There are two common kinds of geometric spreading: spherical (omni-directional point source), and cylindrical (horizontal radiation only). Noise Man made noise is mainly caused by machinery noise (pumps, reduction gears, power plants, etc.), and shipping activity (hull fouling, animal life on hull, cavitations), especially in areas encumbered with heavy vessel traffic. Ambient Noise is related to hydrodynamics (movement of water including tides, current, storms, wind, rain, etc.), seismic and biological phenomena. Multi-path Multi-path propagation may be responsible for severe degradation of the acoustic communication signal, since it generates Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI). The multi-path geometry depends on the link configuration. Vertical channels are characterized by little time dispersion, whereas horizontal channels may have extremely long multi-path spreads. The extent of the spreading is a strong function of depth and the distance between transmitter and receiver. High delay and delay variance The propagation speed in the UW-A channel is five orders of magnitude lower than in the radio channel. This large propagation delay (0.67 s/km) can reduce the throughput of the system considerably. The very high delay variance is even more harmful for efficient protocol design, as it prevents from accurately estimating the round trip time (RTT), which is the key parameter for many common communication protocols. Doppler spread The Doppler frequency spread can be significant in UW-A channels, causing degradation in the performance of digital communications: transmissions at a high data rate because many adjacent symbols to interfere at the receiver, requiring sophisticated signal processing to deal with the generated ISI. The Doppler spreading generates: a simple frequency translation, which is relatively easy for a receiver to compensate for a continuous spreading of frequencies, which constitutes a non-shifted signal, which is more difficult for a receiver to compensate for. If a channel has a Doppler spread with bandwidth B and a signal has symbol duration T, then there are approximately BT uncorrelated samples of its complex envelope. When BT is much less than unity, the channel is said to be under spread and the effects of the Doppler fading can be ignored, while, if greater than unity, it is overspread. Most of the described factors are caused by the chemical-physical properties of the water medium such as temperature, salinity and density, and by their spatio-temporal variations. These variations, together with the wave guide nature of the channel, because the acoustic channel to be temporally and spatially variable. In particular, the horizontal channel is by far more rapidly varying than the vertical channel, in both deep and shallow water. CHAPTER 3: Network Architecture Underwater sensor nodes: The underwater sensor nodes are deployed on the sea floor anchored to the ocean bottom [32]. The sensors are equipped with floating buoys to push the nodes upwards, thus they are relatively stationary nodes [3]. Using acoustic links, they relay data to underwater sink directly or via multi-hop path. Underwater sink nodes: Underwater sink nodes take charge of collecting data of underwater sensors deployed on the ocean bottom and then send to the surface sink node. They may be equipped with vertical and horizontal acoustic transducers. The horizontal transceiver is used to collect the sensors data and the vertical transceiver provides transmitting link between underwater sink and the surface sink node. Surface sink node: Surface sink node is attached on a floating buoy with satellite, radio frequency (RF) or cell phone technology to transmit data to shore in real time. 2D Model A reference architecture for two-dimensional underwater networks is shown in Figure. 1. A group of sensor nodes are anchored to the deep of the ocean. Underwater sensor nodes are interconnected to one or more underwater gateways by means of wireless acoustic links. Underwater-gateways are network devices in charge of relaying data from the ocean bottom network to a surface station. To achieve this objective, they are equipped with two acoustic transceivers, namely a vertical and a horizontal transceiver. The horizontal transceiver is used by the underwater-gateway to communicate with the sensor nodes in order to: send commands and configuration data to the sensors (underwater -gateway to sensors); collect monitored data (sensors to underwater -gateway). The vertical link is used by the underwater -gateways to relay data to a surface station. In deep water applications, vertical transceivers must be long range transceivers. The surface station is equipped with an acoustic transceiver that is able to handle multiple parallel communications with the deployed underwater -gateways. It is also endowed with a long range RF and/or satellite transmitter to communicate with the onshore sink (os-sink) and/or to a surface sink (s-sink). In shallow water, bottom-deployed sensors/modems may directly communicate with the surface buoy, with no specialized bottom node (underwater -gateway). 3D Model Three-dimensional underwater networks are used to detect and observe phenomena that cannot be adequately observed by means of ocean bottom sensor nodes, i.e., to perform cooperative sampling of the 3D ocean environment. In three-dimensional underwater networks, sensor nodes float at different depths to observe a phenomenon. In this architecture, given in Figure 2, each sensor is anchored to the ocean bottom and equipped with a floating buoy that can be inflated by a pump. The buoy pushes the sensor towards the ocean surface. The depth of the sensor can then be regulated by adjusting the length of the wire that connects the sensor to the anchor, by means of an electronically controlled engine that resides on the sensor. Sensing and communication coverage in a 3D environment are rigorously investigated in [8]. The diameter, minimum and maximum degree of the reachability graph that describes the network are derived as a function of the communication range, while different degrees of cov erage for the 3D environment are characterized as a function of the sensing range. 3D Model with AUV The above figure represents the third type of network architecture which consist of sensor nodes and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) which act as mobile sensor nodes for ocean monitoring, underwater resource study, etc. CHAPTER 4: Differences between underwater and terrestrial Sensor Network An underwater acoustic channel is different from a ground-based radio channel from many aspects, including: Bandwidth is extremely limited. The attenuation of acoustic signal increases with frequency and range [6] [10]. Consequently, the feasible band is extremely small. For example, a short range system operating over several tens of meters may have available bandwidth of a hundred kHz; a medium-range system operating over several kilometers has a bandwidth on the order of ten kHz; and a long-range system operating over several tens of kilometers is limited to only a few kHz of bandwidth [11]. Propagation delay is long. The transmission speed of acoustic signals in salty water is around 1500 meter/s [22], which is a difference of five orders of magnitude lower than the speed of electromagnetic wave in free space. Correspondently, propagation delay in an underwater channel becomes significant. This is one of the essential characteristics of underwater channels and has profound implications on localization and time synchronization. The channel impulse response is not only spatially varied but also temporarily varied. The channel characteristics vary with time and highly depend on the location of the transmitter and receiver. The fluctuation nature of the channel causes the received signals easily distorted. There are two types of propagation paths: macro-multipaths, which are the deterministic propagation paths; and micro-multipath, which is a random signal fluctuation. The macro-multipaths are caused by both reflection at the boundaries (bottom, surface and any object in the water) and bending. Inter- Symbol Interference (ISI) thus occurs. Compared with the spread of its ground-based counterpart, which is on the order of several symbol intervals, ISI spreading in an underwater acoustic channel is several tens or hundred of symbol intervals for moderate to high data rate in the horizontal channel. Micro-multipath fluctuations are mainly caused by surface wave, which contributes the most to the time variability of shallow water channel. In deep water, internal waves impact the single-path random fluctuations [12][13]. Probability of bit error is much higher and temporary loss of connectivity (shadow zone) sometimes occurs, due to the extreme characteristics of the channel. Cost. While terrestrial sensor nodes are expected to become increasingly inexpensive, underwater sensors are expensive devices. This is especially due to the more complex underwater transceivers and to the hardware protection needed in the extreme underwater environment. Also, because of the low economy of scale caused by a small relative number of suppliers, underwater sensors are characterized by high cost. Deployment. While terrestrial sensor networks are densely deployed, in underwater, the deployment is generally more sparse. Power. The power needed for acoustic underwater communications is higher than in terrestrial radio communications because of the different physical layer technology (acoustic vs. RF waves), the higher distances, and more complex signal processing techniques implemented at the receivers to compensate for the impairments of the channel. Memory. While terrestrial sensor nodes have very limited storage capacity, underwater-sensors may need to be able to do some data caching as the underwater channel may be intermittent. Spatial Correlation. While the readings from terrestrial sensors are often correlated, this is more unlikely to happen in underwater networks due to the higher distance among sensors. CHAPTER 5: Layered of UASN The underwater architecture network consists of five layers, application, transport, network, data link and physical layer as shown in the figure below. As typical underwater systems have limited processing capability, the protocol has been kept as simple as possible without significantly compromising performance. The underwater sensor network specifications currently do not include any recommendations for authentication and encryption. These may be easily implemented at the application layer or via a spreading scheme at the physical layer. Each layer is described by a SAPI. The SAPI is defined in terms of messages being passed to and from the layer. The clients (usually higher layers) of a layer invoke the layer via a request (REQ). The layer responds to each REQ by a response (RSP). Errors are reported via an ERR RSP with error codes. If the layer needs to send unsolicited messages to the client, it does so via a notification (NTF). A layer communicates logically with its peer layer via protocol data units (PDU). As the peer-to-peer communication is symmetric, a layer may send a REQ PDU to its peer layer at any time. It would optionally respond to such a PDU with a RSP PDU. This is logically depicted in Figure below It may be desirable in some cases, that non-neighboring layers communicate with each other to achieve cross-layer optimization. This may be implemented by allowing REQ and RSP PDUs between any two layers in the protocol stack. The underwater sensor network specifications define detailed message structures for all SAPI messages. These message structures include message identifiers, data formats to be used, parameters and their possible values Physical layer The physical layer provides framing, modulation and error correction capability (via FEC). It provides primitives for sending and receiving packets. It may also provide additional functionality such as parameter settings, parameter recommendation, carrier sensing, etc. At first underwater channel development was based on non-coherent frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation, since it relies on energy detection. Thus, it does not require phase tracking, which is a very difficult task mainly because of the Doppler-spread in the underwater acoustic channel. Although non-coherent modulation schemes are characterized by high power efficiency, their low bandwidth efficiency makes them unsuitable for high data rate multiuser networks. Hence, coherent modulation techniques have been developed for long-range, high-throughput systems. In the last years, fully coherent modulation techniques, such as phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), have become practical due to the availability of powerful digital processing. Channel equalization techniques are exploited to leverage the effect of the inter-symbol interference (ISI), instead of trying to avoid or suppress it. Decision-feedback equalizers (DFEs) track the complex, relatively slowly varying channel response and thus provide high throughput when the channel is slowly varying. Conversely, when the channel varies faster, it is necessary to combine the DFE with a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) [9], which estimates and compensates for the phase offset in a rapid, stable manner. The use of decision feedback equalization and phase-locked loops is driven by the complexity and time variability of ocean channel impulse responses. Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) serves as an intermediate solution between incoherent and fully coherent systems in terms of bandwidth efficiency. DPSK encodes information relative to the previous symbol rather than to an arbitrary fixed reference in the signal phase and may be referred to as a partially coherent modulation. While this strategy substantially alleviates carrier phase-tracking requirements, the penalty is an increased error probability over PSK at an equivalent data rate. Another promising solution for underwater communications is the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) spread spectrum technique, which is particularly efficient when noise is spread over a large portion of the available bandwidth. OFDM is frequently referred to as multicarrier modulation because it transmits signals over multiple sub-carriers simultaneously. In particular, sub-carriers that experience higher SNR, are allotted with a higher number of bits, whereas less bits are allotted to sub-carriers experiencing attenuation, according to the concept of bit loading, which requires channel estimation. Since the symbol duration for each individual carrier increases, OFDM systems perform robustly in severe multi-path environments, and achieve a high spectral efficiency. Many of the techniques discussed above require underwater channel estimation, which can be achieved by means of probe packets [17]. An accurate estimate of the channel can be obtained with a high probing rate and/or with a large probe packet size, which however result in high overhead, and in the consequent drain of channel capacity and energy. Data link layer (MAC layer) The data link layer provides single hop data transmission capability; it will not be able to transmit a packet successfully if the destination node is not directly accessible from the source node. It may include some degree of reliability. It may also provide error detection capability (e.g. CRC check). In case of a shared medium, the data link layer must include the medium access control (MAC) sub-layer. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) is not suitable for underwater sensor network due to the narrow bandwidth in underwater acoustic channels and the vulnerability of limited band systems to fading and multipath. Time division multiple access (TDMA) shows limited bandwidth efficiency because of the long time guards required in the underwater acoustic channel. In fact, long time guards must be designed to account for the large propagation delay and delay variance of the underwater channel in order to minimize packet collisions from adjacent time slots. Moreover, the variable delay makes it very challenging to realize a precise synchronization, with a common timing reference, which is required for TDMA. Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) prevents collisions with the ongoing transmission at the transmitter side. To prevent collisions at the receiver side, however, it is necessary to add a guard time between transmissions dimensioned according to the maximum propagation delay in the network. This makes the protocol dramatically inefficient for underwater acoustic sensor network. The use of contention-based techniques that rely on handshaking mechanisms such as RTS/ CTS in shared medium access is impractical in underwater, for the following reasons: large delays in the propagation of RTS/CTS control packets lead to low throughput; due to the high propagation delay of underwater acoustic channels, when carrier sense is used, as in 802.11, it is more likely that the channel be sensed idle while a transmission is ongoing, since the signal may not have reached the receiver yet; the high variability of delay in handshaking packets makes it impractical to predict the start and finish time of the transmissions of other stations. Thus, collisions are highly likely to occur. Code division multiple access (CDMA) is quite robust to frequency selective fading caused by underwater multi-paths, since it distinguishes simultaneous signals transmitted by multiple devices by means of pseudo-noise codes that are used for spreading the user signal over the entire available band. CDMA allows reducing the number of packet retransmissions, which results in decreased battery consumption and increased network throughput. In conclusion, although the high delay spread which characterizes the horizontal link in underwater channels makes it difficult to maintain synchronization among the stations, especially when orthogonal code techniques are used [17], CDMA is a promising multiple access technique for underwater acoustic networks. This is particularly true in shallow water, where multi-paths and Doppler- spreading plays a key role in the communication performance. Network layer (Routing) The network layer is in charge of determining the path between a source (the sensor that samples a physical phenomenon) and a destination node (usually the surface station). In general, while many impairments of the underwater acoustic channel are adequately addressed at the physical and data link layers, some other characteristics, such as the extremely long propagation delays, are better addressed at the network layer. Basically, there are two methods of routing. The first one is virtual circuit routing and the second one is packet-switch routing. In virtual circuit routing, the networks use virtual circuits to decide on the path at the beginning of the network operation. Virtual-circuit-switch routing protocols can be a better choice for underwater acoustic networks. The reasons are: Underwater acoustic networks are typical asymmetric instead of symmetric. However, packet switched routing protocols are proposed for symmetric network architecture; Virtual-circuit-switch routing protocols work robust against link failure, which is critical in underwater environment; and Virtual-circuit-switch routing protocols have less signal overhead and low latency, which are needed for underwater acoustic channel environment. However, virtual-circuit-switch routing protocols usually lack of flexibility. In packet-switch routing, every node that is part of the transmission makes its own routing decision, i.e., decides its next hop to relay the packet. Packet-switch routing can be further classified into Proactive routing, Reactive and geographical routing protocols. Most routing protocols for ground-based wireless networks are packet-switch based. Proactive routing protocols attempt to minimize the message latency by maintaining up-to-date routing information at all times from each node to any other node. It broadcasts control packets that contain routing table information. Typical protocols include Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) [28] and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA). However, proactive routing protocols provoke a large signaling overhead to establish routes for the first time and each time the network topology changes. It may not be a good fit in underwater environment due to the high probability of link failure and extremely limited bandwidth there. Reactive routing protocols only initiate a route discovery process upon request. Correspondently, each node does not need to maintain a sizable look-up table for routing. This kind of routing protocols is more suitable for dynamic environment like ad hoc wireless networks. Typical protocol examples are Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) [23], and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [27]. The shortage of reactive routing protocols is its high latency to establish routing. Similar to its proactive counterpart, flooding of control packets to establish paths is needed, which brings significant signal overhead. The high latency could become much deteriorated in underwater environment because of the much slower propagation speed of acoustic signal compared with the radio wave in the air. Geographic routing (also called georouting or position-based routing) is a routing principle that relies on geographic position information. It is mainly proposed for wireless networks and based on the idea that the source sends a message to the geographic location of the destination instead of using the network address. Geographic routing requires that each node can determine its own location and that the source is aware of the location of the destination. With this information a message can be routed to the destination without knowledge of the network topology or a prior route discovery. Transport layer A transport layer protocol is needed in underwater sensor network not only to achieve reliable collective transport of event features, but also to perform flow control and congestion control. The primary objective is to save scarce sensor resources and increase the network efficiency. A reliable transport protocol should guarantee that the applications be able to correctly identify event features estimated by the sensor network. Congestion control is needed to prevent the network from being congested by excessive data with respect to the network capacity, while flow control is needed to avoid that network devices with limited memory are overwhelmed by data transmissions. Most existing TCP implementations are unsuited for the underwater environment, since the flow control functionality is based on a window- based mechanism that relies on an accurate esteem of the round trip time (RTT), which is twice the end-to-end delay from source to destination. Rate-based transport protocols seem also unsuited for this challenging environment. They still rely on feedback control messages sent back by the destination to dynamically adapt the transmission rate, i.e., to decrease the transmission rate when packet loss is experienced or to increase it otherwise. The high delay and delay variance can thus cause instability in the feedback control. Furthermore, due to the unreliability of the acoustic channel, it is necessary to distinguish between packet losses due to the high bit error rate of the acoustic channel, from those caused by packets being dropped from the queues of sensor nodes due to network congestion. In terrestrial, assume that congestion is the only cause for packet loss and the solution lies on decreasing the transmission rate, but in underwater sensor network if the packet loss is due to bad channel then the transmission rate should not be decreased to preserve throughput efficiency. Transport layer functionalities can be tightly integrated with data link layer functionalities in a cross-layer module. The purpose of such an integrated module is to make the information about the condition of the variable underwater channel available also at the transport layer. In fact, usually the state of the channel is known only at the physical and channel access sub-layers, while the design principle of layer separation makes this information transparent to the higher layers. This integration allows maximizing the